Academia de las Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala: Guatemala . glabriusculum (Cag) are the wild chile and putative ancestor of Caa, and C. annuum var. The new PMC design is here! [(accessed on 15 May 2021)]. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Mayorga Mayorga F., Snchez Balderas A.F. Zapata E.P.B.E. Some studies have made metabolomics studies that give some hints as to the biochemical variants expressed in the flavor, heat, and odor of chile [108] but tests have yet to be conducted on the complex culinary dishes of multi-ethnic Mexico. Mexico is considered the center of origin and diversity of domesticated Capsicum annuum L. chile with a continuous use of wild and domesticated varieties of at least 6000 years [4,5,6]. Enredados con la sierra. The use of chile as a food emerged in the Americas and with the exchange of plants and global cultural processes that occurred 500 years ago, this plant spread to virtually all continents [1,14]. annuum that are the result of locally selected unique morphotypes. In practically all ancient cultures as well as their modern descendants, healthcare was a concern that remained mainly on the family level, based on basic knowledge linked to the use of medicinal herbs, roots, and minerals, which could be acquired without any problem at markets [27,28]. Mxico. Another classification was the rarely mentioned names (44 records with less than 3 records), 89 chile are C. chinense and C. pubescens versus 2535 corresponding mainly to domesticated varieties of C. annuum. Medicina Tradicional, Herbolaria y Salud Comunitaria en Oaxaca. It may be the reason why there is a high diversity of chile in the form of cultivars of C. annuum var. This is particularly relevant in one of the most megadiverse countries of the world, Mexico. Diccionario Analtico del Popoluca de Texistepec. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Although there are many studies that validate the efficacy of chile in curing diseases such as cancer [135]. Why Some Like It Hot: Food, Genes, and Cultural Diversity. Plantas Mesoamericanas Subutilizadas en la Alimentacin Humana: El Caso de Guatemala: Una Revisin del PASADO hacia una SOLUCIN Actual. Out of 3641 records, 561 chile with no specific name, 105 wild chile, and 2975 domesticated chile were used. Las plantas en las estrategias sostenibles de sobrevivencia del grupo indgena Guarijo/Makurawe de Sonora, Mxico. Same Day Service - Daily Specials - Save $10.00 on any order with Code YPA10, Save $10!Beautiful Fresh Flowers Delivered In 4hrs, Custom Fresh Cut Floral Designs For All Occasions, Flowers, Plants & Trees-Silk, Dried, Etc.-Retail. BDMTM Biblioteca Digital de la Medicina Tradicional Mexicana; 2009. Tripodi P., Rabanus-Wallace M.T., Barchi L., Kale S., Esposito S., Acquadro A., Schafleitner R., van Zonneveld M., Prohens J., Diez M.J., et al. The colored backgrounds indicate the territories of the 67 indigenous languages spoken in Mexico. This classification is an interpretation/translation of the authors of this paper and is not based on an emic view of the local medicine of each culture. Chile is conceived and employed as both food and medicine in Mexico. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Linking Cultural and Ecological Diversity. about navigating our updated article layout. Gmez-Dants O., Frenk J. Corn on the cob and sliced fruits (such as mango) eaten as snacks, and often sold on the street, are served with lemon and chile powder. The variability of the amount of spice consumed in Mexicos culinary mosaic is impossible to describe by scientific standards. La Persistencia de la Costumbre Pima. Aguilar-Melndez A., Morrell P.L., Roose M.L., Kim S.C. Genetic diversity and structure in semiwild and domesticated chiles (. Schmiedel U., Araya Y., Bortolotto M.I., Boeckenhoff L., Hallwachs W., Janzen D., Kolipaka S.S., Novotny V., Palm M., Parfondry M., et al. The ailing person then turns to traditional medicine to regain balance, health, and well-being. In: Aguilar-Melndez A., Vsquez-Dvila M.A., Katz E., Hernndez C.M.R., editors. Aguilar-Melndez A., Lira-Noriega A. Careers. Los Chiles Que le Dan Sabor al Mundo. Precolumbian use of chili peppers in the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Long-Sols [10] described various cultural aspects of chile at different times in the winding and intricate history of this region of the world. Fiedor J., Burda K. Potential role of carotenoids as antioxidants in human health and disease. Contributions of paraecologists and parataxonomists to research, conservation, and social development. Available online: Del Popolo F., Oyarce A.M. Poblacin indgena de Amrica Latina: Perfil sociodemogrfico en el marco de la CIPD y de las Metas del Milenio. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables as Health Promoters: Part II. The concept of the soul is not universal, nor is it found in all cultures. In this context, the objective of this paper is to describe and analyze the cultural role of chile as food and as medicine for the body and soul in different cultures of Mexico. Magaa Alejandro M.A., Gama Campillo L.M., Mariaca Mndez R. El uso de las Plantas Medicinales en las Comunidades Maya-Chontales de Nacajuca, Tabasco, Mxico. Mestizos from Sonora use chiltepn (C. annuum var. Araceli Aguilar has collected ethnobotanical data over 20 years, focusing on indigenous territories, following The Code of Ethics of the International Society of Ethnobiology. Available online: Bauelos N., Salido P.L., Gardea A. Etnobotnica del chiltepn: Pequeo gran seor en la cultura de los sonorenses. Chile (common Spanish name derived from the Nahuatl language to be used here) is native to the Americas; however, it now flavors cuisines around the globe [1,2,3]. This condition is considered a culture-bound syndrome in which there is a state of restlessness characterized by anxiety, depression, insomnia, and loss of appetite [129]. Cosmovisin Mesoamericana. Therefore, it seems relevant to highlight that chile has been used as a foodmedicine continuum as mentioned by other resources elsewhere [30,31,32,33]. 2008. The search for natural sciences articles (original or review) was performed using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus electronic databases until March 2021. Tepehua de Tlachichilco. In: Medina F.X., vila R., de Garine I., editors. Chile functions as a multifocal symbol operating intimately on many levels of peoples lives. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Boletn Latinoam. Palacios A.B.S. Model of human management of chile in Mexico. Due to the effectiveness of using chile to heal, dozens of modern scientific studies have currently been carried out to recognize its therapeutic action [112,113,114,115] and that have indirectly validated the ancestral and traditional uses. Other healing properties have been attributed to chile, as documented in this study, particularly the properties to cure culturally affiliated diseases whose biochemical foundation is unclear or it might be healing in other forms. National Library of Medicine Biological properties, bioactive constituents, and pharmacokinetics of some, Acero-Ortega C., Dorantes-Alvarez L., Hernndez-Snchez H., Gutirrez-Lpez G., Aparicio G., Jaramillo-Flores M.E. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Alimentacin, Cultura y Territorio. We have, Wonderful florist! Acercamientos Etnogrficos. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Edible Medicines: An Ethnopharmacology of Food. They often share many cultural elements with the native communities of the same region, including agricultural and culinary traditions. in indigenous localities of Oaxaca, Mexico. Arellanes Y., Casas A., Arellanes A., Vega E., Blancas J., Vallejo M., Torres I., Rangel-Landa S., Moreno A.I., Sols L., et al. Everything is localy arranged and delivered. Generally, it can be characterized as the personal emanation of a force that arises involuntarily due to a strong desire and that harms the desired being. [15,16]. Textos de la cocina yaqui. I have been sending flowers through Angelones for a few years now and they are always so nice and creative. The role of bioactive components found in peppers. Diccionario de la Lengua Maya Popbal Ti. The present study shows data confirming this fact. The use of chile in food is common to the whole territory providing nutrients to the Mexicans who consume them [25]. Mexico is the study area and it has a population with blurred ethnic boundaries [34] (see Figure 1), as other Latin American countries. Further research is needed to fill the gaps in local and indigenous knowledge by training local ethno-scientists [136] to carry out participatory research with a dual purpose: to generate academic knowledge and to restitute that knowledge to the communities where biodiversity is being conserved [137]. INALI Catlogo de las Lenguas Indgenas Nacionales: Variantes lingsticas de Mxico con sus Autodenominaciones y Referencias Geoestadsticas. Chile has been used in different cultural spaces at different times to cure various diseases that were classified here in 12 categories. Our findings include a) the first matrix of uses of chile across 67 indigenous and Afrodescendants cultures within Mexican territory and b) the proposal of a new model of diversified uses of chile. C. lanceolatum (Cl) and C. rhomboideum (Cr) were never utilized by humans (blue and pink ending in a star); C. frutescens (Cf) that includes wild and domesticates; C. annuum var. custom or special orders welcome call us for last minute orders, Delivered dead flowers to my mom on mother's day. Health is understood as being the combination of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being and life as being a union of body, mind, and soul. Essays in Honour of Helen Macbeth. For Mexican people, most foods cannot be eaten without chile. These studies explored the effectiveness of functional properties often attributed to carotenoids, vitamin C and E, alkaloids, flavonoids, and capsaicin that support the maintenance of health and well-being [11]. In: Huber B.R., Sandstrom A.R., editors. A more holistic way of presenting natural resources within the academic world is increasing in popularity [134] recognizing the need to present a more real picture of how natural resources are perceived and utilized. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies PMC legacy view Martnez Mrquez J.S., Mndez Agustn M.R., Toms Martnez E. Recetario Totonaco de la Costa de Veracruz. In addition, for the current analysis of the human-Capsicum relationship in Mexico, two groups of Afro-descendants were considered (one of Guerrero and Veracruz, and the Mascogo community of Coahuila). Eating and Healing: Traditional Food as Medicine. Dioses, Huipiles y Conejos: Tres Canciones Infantiles en el triqui de Chicahuaxtla. In Mesoamerica there is a particular conceptualization of the natural world as a living being that holds intimate relationships of exchange and mutual dependence with the social, human world [10,11]. YP - The Real Yellow PagesSM - helps you find the right local businesses to meet your specific needs. Rivas Vega J., Sols Arellano Y., Flores Domene A. Recetario Tepehuano de Chihuahua y Durango. For example, there are studies of the Nahua of the Huastec region, Tlapanecs of Guerrero, Mixtecs and Zapotecs of Oaxaca where chile is the protagonist, most of them documented by the authors of the present study [21,22,23]. Traditional knowledge, uses and management of chile as food and medicine form a continuum (i.e., are not separated into distinct categories). Andrade-Cetto A. Ethnobotanical study of the medicinal plants from Tlanchinol, Hidalgo, Mxico. The evil eye is a recognized cause of health care in Mexico, especially by rural inhabitants and traditional healers. FOIA Food, Imaginaries and Cultural Frontiers. YP, the YP logo and all other YP marks contained herein are trademarks of YP LLC and/or YP affiliated companies. However, by eliminating chile and analyzing them separately from their primary cultural context, the complex biocultural relationships that are part of the cultural construction of health-related ideas and practices are occult for the academic eye. Chile is added to industrial food, such as tortilla chips, to sweets, even when designed for children. Ganguly S., Praveen K.P., Para P.A., Sharma V. Medicinal properties of chilli pepper in human diet. These indicate ancient/modern uses of chile in each of the indigenous cultures within a multiethnic territory where the fruit is a deeply rooted element of intensive daily use. Contribuciones Multidisciplinarias, Aguilar-Melndez, A., Vsquez-Dvila, M.A., Katz, E., Hernndez Colorado, M.R., Eds. From Business: Casa Diri's Floral Designs provides flower and gift delivery to the Miami, FL area. Transatlantic Trade and Global Cultural Transfers Since 1492: More than Commodities. YP advertisers receive higher placement in the default ordering of search results and may appear in sponsored listings on the top, side, or bottom of the search results page. Chile is progressively introduced in their food so that at an early age (some beginning at the age of four), children like to eat chile [111]. Medicine for the soul area: to describe cultural-bound syndromes that Western mental health professionals and scientists fail to validate as real illnesses [40]. Interpretaciones Desde la Antropologa Cognitiva. government site. On the other hand, specific uses within the medicinal (body and soul) categories are found in local contexts unique to a particular indigenous culture that are not repeated in the rest of the country. Hernndez-Prez T., Gmez-Garca M.d.R., Valverde M.E., Paredes-Lpez O. Xiang Q., Guo W., Tang X., Cui S., Zhang F., Liu X., Zhao J., Zhang H., Mao B., Chen W. Capsaicinthe spicy ingredient of chili peppers: A review of the gastrointestinal effects and mechanisms. Las cosmovisiones, la historia y la tradicin intelectual en Mesoamrica. Distribution map of Capsicum annuum var. Diseases or symptoms associated with potential modern diseases were classified according to the 2021 WHO system, the ICD-11 version 09-2020 (https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en (accessed on 1 March 2021)), into 12 categories: (1) infectious or parasitic diseases, (2) mental, behavioural, or neurodevelopmental disorders, (3) diseases of the nervous system; (4) diseases of the visual system; (5) diseases of the ear or mastoid process; (6) diseases of the respiratory system; (7) diseases of the digestive system, (8) diseases of the skin; (9) diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue, (10) diseases of the genitourinary system, (11) pregnancy, childbirth or puerperium and (12) poisoning. Medina M.A., Alcaraz Miranda M., Santiago Hernndez V.G. In: Aguilar-Melndez A., Vsquez-Dvila M.A., Katz E., Hernndez C.M.R., editors. Batiha G.E.-S., Alqahtani A., Ojo O.A., Shaheen H.M., Wasef L., Elzeiny M., Ismail M., Shalaby M., Murata T., Zaragoza-Bastida A. Eleven ethnic groups of Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Veracruz, Quertaro, and Sonora use chile to prevent and cure the evil eye. La recoleccin de alimentos en Santa Catarina Juquila, Oaxaca (19632013. Chiles are utilized for many purposes. Frei B., Baltisberger M., Sticher O., Heinrich M. Medical ethnobotany of the Zapotecs of the Isthmus-Sierra (Oaxaca, Mexico): Documentation and assessment of indigenous uses. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, Certain infectious or parasitic diseases: antibacterial and antimicrobial [, Mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders: the Raramuris and Mestizos use isburi (plant mixture with chile) to treat hangovers and fever [, Diseases of the nervous system. Chile is used in various ways to prevent and cure the evil eye in several ethnic cultures of Mexico; for example, the Zoques of Chiapas [130], the Zapotecs of Oaxaca [23], five ethnic groups of Puebla [128], the Huastecs of Veracruz [131], the peasants of Quertaro [119], and the Guarijo and Mayo of Sonora [121]. Benciolini M. Noches de trabajo y das de fiesta. Cocina Mazahua, Otom, Nahua, Matlatzinca y Tlahuica. All other marks contained herein are the property of their respective owners. Estudio Etnobotnico y Nutricional de Plantas Nativas Comestibles para Seguridad Alimentaria en San Rafael La Independencia, Huehuetenango, Guatemala. Offering a large variety of fresh flowers and gifts. (Map elaborated by A. Aguilar-Melndez and Andrs Lira-Noriega from personal and CONABIO databases, and for the Amerindian territories, from maps provided by INALI and the anthropologist Eckart Boege). Here we depicted a brief description: The use of herbal medicines, and complementary and alternative medicine, is increasing globally. Reflexiones, Polmicas y Etnografas. We wish to thank Edmundo Rodrguez Campos for technical support, Reyna Pelcastre Reyes for graphical design and Jumko Ogata Aguilar for English proofreading. An animating principle in confrontation with christianity? De la Cruz Tiburcio E., Gutirrez Morales S., Jimnez Garca N., Garca Ramos C. Vocabulario Tepehua Espaol Tepehua. It stands out that the secondary metabolites of the spicy fruits have been managed, selected, and diversified for use as food and/or medicine without interruption by different cultures of Mexico [26]. Vocabulario Qanjobal. This was particularly true in rural areas, where people compared themselves to city dwellers, or to gringos, whom they judged weaker. Vitalidad lingstica: Desde la lengua maya, a lo maya y con lo maya. Pitt-Rivers J. Contribuciones Multidisciplinarias. Lu M., Chen C., Lan Y., Xiao J., Li R., Huang J., Huang Q., Cao Y., Ho C.-T. Capsaicinthe major bioactive ingredient of chili peppers: Bio-efficacy and delivery systems. According to cultures and regions, different qualities may be attributed to foodstuffs, but they are usually the same for the staples: corn is considered as warm, beans as cold and chile is hot. Baenas N., Belovi M., Ilic N., Moreno D., Garca-Viguera C. Industrial use of pepper (. Capsicum y Cultura: La Historia del Chilli. Katz E. Flavors and Colors: Chili Pepper in Europe. Dnde crecen los chiles en Mxico? Most of the knowledge, uses and practices are shared throughout Mexico. This research was partially funded by Instituto Politcnico Nacional, grant number SIP: 20211931, Proyect name: Ethnoecology of chile (Capsicum spp.) Anlisis de sus posibles efectos sobre el sistema nervioso central por va transdrmica e inhalatoria. They pertain to many varieties, mainly of C. annuum [20]. Jitil Qanej yet Qanjobal. To write it, we relied on our own fieldwork and literature review. Nowadays, there is a whole food industry that uses technology to transform Capsicum fruits into flavoring, coloring and preservation of other foods that are produced on a large scale and distributed over long distances [17,18,19]. Only six cookbooks were bilingual; Nahuatl [42], Tarahumara [43], Mayo [44], Yaqui [44], Purepecha [45], Totonac [46], Tepehuan [47] and also included common names for chile on each languages. An official website of the United States government. We are committed to offering only the finest floral arrangements, From Business: Gables Flowers was started by Maria Carbonnell, and she has over 20 years of experience in floral designing. Mata-Pinzn S., Prez-Ortega G., Reyes-Chilpa R. Plantas medicinales para el tratamiento del susto y mal de ojo. Like another Latin American countries, Mexico has a mixed population with blurred ethnic boundaries [34]. The map was already published (with graphical variation) in previous studies [20]. In: Aguilar-Melndez A., Vsquez-Dvila M.A., Katz E., Hernndez C.M.R., editors. Geck M.S., Cabras S., Casu L., Reyes Garca A.J., Leonti M. The taste of heat: How humoral qualities act as a cultural filter for chemosensory properties guiding herbal medicine. Many traditional cultures in Mexico use diverse species of plants (and a few animals) to cure people of the evil eye (mal de ojo in Spanish). Paul B.D., McMahon C. Mesoamerican bonesetters. Three main groups of chile were commonly used in recipes all over Mexico. In: Silva L.R., Silva B.M., editors. Prdida de la Identidad Culinaria: Caso de la Sierra alta de Sonora. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Caribe Plantas Med. In total, 77 cookbooks from the series Cocina indgena y popular and other Spanish written documents were reviewed. Etnoecologa del chile de campo en Guelava, Oaxaca. Fruit Baskets for any Occasion! The Beginnings of Mesoamerican Civilization: Inter-Regional Interaction and the Olmec. La culture mtisse: Dynamique du statut ethnique. have co-evolved with local groups even before the establishment of civilizations was recognized [7]. Available online: The Forest of the Lacandon Maya: An. Goettsch B., Urquiza-Haas T., Koleff P., Acevedo Gasman F., Aguilar-Melndez A., Alavez V., Alejandre-Iturbide G., Aragn Cuevas F., Azurdia Prez C., Carr J.A., et al. Without chile, the body balance would be in danger. Cuerpo Humano e Ideologia las Concepciones de los Antiguos Nahuas. Intercambios de comida en dos rituales coras (Mxico). In: Kaller M., Jacob F., editors. de(re)constructing the Nahua soul. Our service is satisfaction guaranteed. Ethnobotanical Guide. The Chile Pepper in China: A Cultural Biography. The Flowering of Man: A Tzotzil Botany of Zinacantan. In Mexico, several native terms are translated as soul, such as tonalli among the Nahua [126] or pixan among the Maya [127]. Then raw chile or a chile sauce is served on the table, and each eater adds it to the plate according to the individual taste. From Business: We are family owned and operated with one location serving Aventura and all of south Florida. However, it is much more than a flavor. Government F. INEGI. However, regional studies that connect the studies of secondary metabolites of local cultivars with the preferences of the uses of each culture are needed to achieve a better understanding of the patterns of human selection on a plastic crop of the Solanaceae family. This interdependence is expressed in the multifaceted way in which people interact with and use biological resources. The soul or spirit of a person can be affected by various natural and supernatural agents, causing psychosocial and somatic imbalance. Most Mexicans conceive that hot and cold principles rule food and body health. The site is secure. 20462 Old Cutler Rd, Cutler Bay, FL 33189. [(accessed on 10 May 2021)]; Del mar y del Desierto: Gastronoma Comcaac (seri). La atencin a la salud en Mesoamrica antes y despus de 1519. Currently, in Mexico there are about 6070 indigenous groups that have safeguarded traditional/local environmental knowledge (TEK) related to the management, production and diversified use of natural resources including chile [8,9]. The Thus, chile along with maize (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus spp.) All the included references were manually selected, reviewed, and added to the database in Filemaker by the authors. ; Writingreview and editing, M.A.V.-D. and E.K. [(accessed on 5 May 2021)]. At FTD, we know that beautiful flowers are a special way to celebrate and honor life's most memorable moments., From Business: Anthurium Gardens Florist has been proudly serving the Miami area since 1980. The authors reviewed articles of natural sciences, articles, books, and thesis of social sciences and cookbooks of the CONACULTA (cultural branch of Mexican federal government) collection called Cocina indgena y popular (Indigenous and popular cuisine). Culinary processes mentioned for cooking or using chile were: deveined, roasted, boiled, grilled, ground, molcajeteado (crushed in a stone such as mortar), chopped, sieved, crushed, seeded, cut into small pieces, washed, blended, stuffed, stuffed, fried, cooked, shredded, scrambled, burned, soaked, ground, parboiled, strained, soaked, browned in oil, ground in metate, sprinkled, filleted, finely chopped, stewed, seasoned, sauted, mashed, chopped, sliced. Presently speakers of indigenous languages represent 6% of the population [41], but many people considered today as mestizos descend from indigenous people who lost their language [36,37]; they often share many cultural elements, including agricultural and culinary traditions, with the native communities of the same region. Within the same region, health is understood as being the combination of physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being while life is thought of as a combination of body, mind, and soul. Available online: Estadsticas a Propsito del Da Internacional de los Pueblos Indgenas (9 de Agosto). The BDMTM mentions that it is used as an antineuralgic [, Diseases of the digestive system including teeth conditions [, Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue: the BDMTM mentions that it is used as antirheumatic [, Pregnancy, childbirth, or puerperium help to mitigate labor pain and promotes delivery [, Poisoning. Most dishes are cooked together with raw or dry chile (meat, vegetables, etc) or in elaborated chile sauces (mole, adobo, etc). Shifts in Plant Chemical Defenses of Chile Pepper (. Global range expansion history of pepper (. Chile is ubiquitous in all Mexican food. annuum (Caa) includes the modern domesticated landraces and commercial varieties. Learn more Luna-Ruiz J.d.J., Nabhan G.P., Aguilar-Melndez A. In: Licona Valencia E., Garca Lpez I.C., Corts Patio A., editors. Katz E. Chili Pepper, from Mexico to Europe: Food, imaginary and cultural identity. Aromticas. Sousa A.M., Carro L., Velzquez E., Albuquerque C., Silva L.R. Canul H.C. Cuerpo, alma y carne de la lengua maya. The effectiveness of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Punica granatum flower and. and squash (Cucurbita spp.) 1Centro de Investigaciones Tropicales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91050, Mexico, 2Tecnolgico Nacional de Mxico, Campus Valle de Oaxaca, Oaxaca 71230, Mexico; xm.mncet.acaxaov@dv.ocram, 3Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacin para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Instituto Politcnico Nacional, Oaxaca 71230, Mexico, 4Institut de Recherche Pour le Dveloppement (IRD), UMR 208 PALOC IRD/MNHN, MNHN, 75005 Paris, France; rf.dri@ztak.rehtse. Under this cosmology, traditional medicine can be preventive or corrective. Masood E. The battle for the soul of biodiversity. Voces y Sabores de la Cocina Otom de Quertaro. This is a resilient factor among indigenous communities worldwide. stanbul niversitesi Veteriner Fakltesi Dergisi. Rangel-Landa S., Casas A., Rivera-Lozoya E., Torres-Garca I., Vallejo-Ramos M. Ixcatec ethnoecology: Plant management and biocultural heritage in Oaxaca, Mexico. Recetario pame de San Luis Potos y Quertaro. The analysis of 77 cookbooks edited by CONACULTA gave some clues as to which chile are depicted on modern written documents (Table 1). Many people we interviewed declared that they were strong or resistant thanks to chile.